APA
American Psychological Association Bibliographic Format |
PARENTHETICAL CITATIONS
Making reference to words of others within your text Information to gather:
example: Jones (1998) compared student performance... In a recent study of student performance (Jones, 1998), .... In 1998, Jones compared student performance... When quoting directly from a work, you will need the authors, year of publication, and the page number for the reference. example: It was caused by the "irrational fear of losing status as an independent body of peace." (Peele, 1998, p.104) |
If there is no author and no date for the source, use the first few words of the title, then the abbreviation n.d. (for "no date"). example: A similar study was done of students learning to format research papers ("Using APA," n.d.). Quotations of fewer than 40 words in your text example: She stated, "Students often had difficulty using APA style," (Jones, 1998, p.199), but she did not offer an explanation as to why. Quotations of 40 or words example: Jones's 1993 study found the following: Students often had difficulty using APA style, especially when it was their first time citing sources. This difficulty could be attributed to the face that many students failed to purchase a style manual or to ask their teacher for help. (p.199) Personal communications (e.g., email) example: G.K. Doi also stated that many students had difficulty with APA style (personal communication, January 14, 2005). |